this sounds like the base idea for a geostrategy game. for any given taxon, create the biggest polygon with observations within, say, 1000km of each other without any other observations forming a line that bisects your polygon.
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i don’t know if the calculation that you’re talking about – distance to nearest other observation of a taxon – actually is a good measure if range expansion though. so i’m not sure how practically useful a number like that would be.