There are about a gazillion guides, articles, and discussions for exactly this all over the internet, both in text form and on YouTube. It’s an extremely popular topic. Here are just a few examples of both articles and videos on this exact topic
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- etc
It’s often been discussed here on iNat as well, although usually as part of a larger discussion on macro photography.
- https://forum.inaturalist.org/t/secrets-to-good-macro-photography/24026
- https://forum.inaturalist.org/t/good-lens-setups-and-macro-lenses-for-orchid-photoghaphy/29455
- https://forum.inaturalist.org/t/best-camera-lens-for-moth-photography/18069/12
It’s not really possible to give a “best” answer to what specific equipment will get the best results as it depends on what your camera setup is like. As an example, a lot of iNat participants are using their phones and will have very different gear needs and requirements than those of us using DSLRs.
If you’re using an interchangeable lens camera a ring flash is really nice as it is right up where the action is so the lens doesn’t cast a shadow over the subject, and it’s affixed to the camera, freeing up hands.
Personally, I don’t like them much though as I don’t like having cables dangling around to catch on things.
For myself, I prefer having a high powered flashlight that I use as an off-camera steady light. I find it’s far easier to get the focus and exposure nailed, and you can move it around to get nice shadows and contrasts.
The one I was using for these observations has two lights, so the shadows are a bit weird, so if you go this route pay attention to the light setup:
- https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82384959
- https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82384951
- https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82384948
You do have to be more careful using a steady light though.