Observations citations

Good day, iNaturalist community.

I’m writing to ask for your opinion on the best way to cite iNaturalist observations. I’ve already read the recommended citation guidelines, and my current approach is to cite observations in the text using the observer’s last name, for example, (Smith 2023), where 2023 is the year the observation was uploaded. In the reference list, I cite them as follows:

Smith, J. 2023. iNaturalist observation. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98489369 . Accessed September 19, 2025.

However, in a manuscript I’m currently preparing, I need to cite at least 15 observations of the same species. Including 15 different observer names in the text seems impractical. To make things even more complicated, many iNaturalist users do not use their real names, but instead have names (not usernames) such as Red Flower, The Scavenger, or Lizard Lover.

I’m therefore unsure how to handle this situation appropriately.

I downloaded the observations using the iNaturalist export tool ( https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/export ), which generated an Excel spreadsheet. My idea is to clean and edit this dataset, then deposit it in a data repository that assigns a DOI. That way, I could cite the dataset rather than each individual observation. For example, the in-text citation would be (iNaturalist 2026a), and the reference would look something like this:

iNaturalist. 2026a. Grapsus grapsus observations. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1145/2783446.2783605 (accessed September 30, 2025).

Would this be considered an appropriate approach? I would greatly appreciate your thoughts or suggestions.

See this help page for citing iNaturalist:

https://help.inaturalist.org/en/support/solutions/articles/151000170344-how-should-i-cite-inaturalist-

I would try to download from GBIF to have a DOI. If they aren’t on GBIF, then cite the individual observations.

I have explored downloading iNat observatios via GBIF, from here for example (https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxonKey=6L587&country=SV&basisOfRecord=HUMAN_OBSERVATION), but only generates a Excel spreadsheet. I don’t know how to generate a DOI for this dataset.

On GBIF, if you click your username —> Downloads —> your download, there is a DOI.

I see it now. Thanks a lot! Now I only have to figure out how to cite the date set in-text and in the references. Examples in the link provided early is only for a single observation or for a download directly from iNaturalist.

I took a look at some recent papers I’ve read that use iNat observations. It does seem common to provide a single overall citation iNat like this

iNaturalist.org. 2025. Facilitated by the California Academy of Sciences and the National Geographic Society. Available from http://www.inaturalist.org/ [accessed 16 Feb. 2025].

… and then use simple in-text references to particular observation IDs, with hyperlinks if possible.

Almost all known collections were made before 1990, with few extant populations confirmed by photographic records (iNaturalist observations 101449082; 106104484; 101678538; 247428520; 99267736). There is no further information on its populational trends.

If you have a particular journal in mind, you might want to scan recent issues for any articles using iNat data and see how they handle citations.

Whether you choose to create an archive of your dataset would be a separate decision, I’d think. From a reader’s perspective, it’s probably going to be more useful to me to have a link to the actual iNat observation than a link to your archive dataset.