If you are looking for a general way to find a taxon_id from a scientific name, I think /taxa or /search?sources=taxa are probably your best bets.
All the general API info is found on these pages: https://api.inaturalist.org/v1/docs/ and https://www.inaturalist.org/pages/api+reference
I’m not totally sure what you mean by links between the various APIs or what sort of further explanation you’re looking for. Many of the terms used in the API are described in relation to the Explore/Identify interface here, and they apply the same way to the API, so that might be helpful.
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