Español: Cuáles son las herramientas o “equipamiento” que se necesita para senderismo y para observación y fotografía de Flora y fauna en relación calidad precio?
English: What are the tools or “equipment” needed for hiking and wildlife observation and photography in relation to quality/price ratio?
As they say, the best camera is the one that’s with you. I used the cameras on my smart phone exclusively for many years of observations. With some practice and understanding, higher-end phones can take very respectable photos, both close-ups (“macro”) and distant (“zoom” or “telephoto”). There are also some inexpensive snap-on lenses that let you take better macro shots. Smartphones also geotag your photos, which is very convenient (some conventional cameras can do this, too, but it’s often clunky and less reliable.)
In the last year I’ve added a couple of “proper” cameras to my arsenal: an OM Systems TG-7 and a Nikon P1100. The TG-7 is very small and takes fantastic macro photos. I carry it nearly everywhere. The P1100 has a huge telephoto lens, so it’s great for birds. But it’s heavy, so I don’t carry it nearly as often.
I just use my cell phone, the quality is great. I’ve received multiple compliments from actual photographers.
OK, thank you very much, that information is useful to me. One question: are binoculars necessary for this activity? If so, is there a recommended model?
I specifically bought a Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra when they first came out. Very expensive but it’s an absolutely excellent camera that can see more detail up close than the naked eye, and more detail afar than the naked eye. It’s a magnifying glass and binoculars all in one, and it’s always in my pocket. It also has the advantage of doing everything else that a phone can do, like be a GPS, take notes, use iNat, google sheets/docs, etc,etc.
So it’s pretty expensive, but for the convenience it’s absolutely amazing. I no longer use my DSLR because it’s too inconvenient to lug around and be changing lenses in the field and all that jazz.
Además de una cámara (Canon PowerShot, que suele equivocarse de lo que quiero enfocar), tengo un grabador de sonidos para observar cuerporruines, búhos, y otras aves nocturnas. Hace pocos días miré un rebaño de pájaros en frente de la tienda y los observé con fotos y sonido juntos. La frecuencia es solo 8 kHz que es suficiente para las aves y cigarras, pero no para los murciélagos.
Besides a camera (Canon PowerShot, which doesn’t always understand what I want to focus on), I have a sound recorder for observing whippoorwills, owls, and other nocturnal birds. A few days ago I saw a flock of birds in front of the store and observed them with photos and sound together. The sample rate is only 8 kHz, which is enough for birds and cicadas, but not for bats.
(Disculpa mi español, es mi tercer idioma y lo aprendí solo a oír siendo niño. ¿Se dice “rebaño de pájaros”?)
Your Spanish is fairly good, and it being your third language is quite amazing. In Spanish, we usually use “bandada” when talking about birds, although “rebaño” seems very appropriate for some species! (not actually used, though) 
Camera is a Nikon D3400 DSLR, and for macrophotography I use a Tokina AT-X pro lens. For wide angles, I use a new Nikon AF-P DX NIKKOR 10-20mm f/4.5-5.6G VR Lens.
I use my smartphone (Samsung android) when I have nothing else with me, but the image is significantly worse for macros and I don’t push those up to iNat unless necessary.
Quite comfortable and practical, although a little outside my initial budget. I use a Xiaomi Redmi A3x, and it has an acceptable quality camera, but the zoom ruins the image. Anyway, thank you very much, I’ll keep it in mind!
Canon Powershot cameras are highly recommended, according to my research. I like the idea of the sound recorder, which is quite useful at night when visibility is poor. I use the audio recorder that came standard on my phone.
(note): in Spanish, “rebaño” (herd) refers to several species of animals, including cows. On the other hand, “bandada” (flock) refers to birds.
Welcome to the forum @Fran09952
Here is a thread from a few months ago about cameras:
https://forum.inaturalist.org/t/camera-for-birds/65386
Binoculars are not required, as they don’t generally take photos. I have occasionally taken photos of far away animals by holding my cell phone camera up to my binoculars, but that is a lot harder than taking the same observation through a camera with a zoom lens. I watched birds for decades with a pair of Zeiss binoculars but I hardly use them anymore.
Different people on iNaturalist take observations of different things, and therefore need different equipment. I like to photograph birds, so I use a Canon P900, which has a very good zoom for the price, and a built in GPS (like a smart phone does) so each photo has a location attached. Some people mostly record animal sounds, and use a sound recorder with an external microphone. Others like to observe mosses with microscopic parts that need to be shown for ID, and so might take some pictures with a microscope. For many observations, a cell phone camera is perfect, sometimes with a macro lens clipped on. The people observing corals often have cameras specifically built for underwater photography. There are even those who draw the organisms with paper and pencil and upload the drawings.
Honestly, there is no piece of equipment that everyone needs for iNaturalist. The only things required are a brain and a way to connect to the internet. I know you have those.
This really sums it up! As long as you have enthusiasm for nature, an mind open to learn and collaborate, and an occasional internet connection, you’ve got the minimum necessary equipment. You don’t have to spend money on fancy equipment, but if those tools will make observing nature more rewarding or you (and you can afford them) go ahead!
tysm, @wayne_j!
Thank you very much for your comments, @dlevitis . I am also getting into more specialized bird watching, and it is difficult to take good quality photos, especially when my hand shakes or the bird moves a lot (I understand that with higher quality cameras, the focus is not as sensitive), but with enthusiasm and perseverance, anything is possible.
I very much enjoy the P900. The sensory quality is not as good as more expensive cameras, but the photos are good enough to please me. But it is sturdy, the built in GPS is very good and the zoom is fantastic. If you can afford one, I recommend checking one out. They no longer manufacture them, and the more recent models (P950 and P1000) are heavier and lack the GPS, but used and refurbished P900s are still available.