This is similar to an existing feature request here:
https://forum.inaturalist.org/t/expand-the-similar-species-tab-into-an-editable-identification-guide/13890/23
The CV model is trained against the dataset of observations ID’d by inaturalist users. It uses a single model for all of the nodes it is trained on. Its ‘successful outcome’ is predicting the species (actually the node, which could be up to Genus or Family in some taxa where there aren’t many species-level IDs) that the observation was ID’d as on inaturalist. There are lots of blog and forum posts about it, here are a couple:
https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/59122-new-vision-model-training-started
https://forum.inaturalist.org/t/computer-vision-update-july-2021/24728
Related to what you were saying, I have said before that a really cool feature that I hope someone builds someday is a version of the CV model that can somehow give us some indication what features it is using; I think it is pretty clear that in some cases the CV has figured out some set of reliable ID features that field guides do not know about/include (i.e., it can sometimes correctly and with high confidence ID photos that contain none of the features the field guides describe). The inat team all but certainly does not have the bandwidth to build this feature right now so it would have to be a third-party app of some kind.